All the roman emperors and the kings of Italy

Lost Civilizations (@lostcivilizations)

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Rome

 · 21 Nov 2023

Kings of Rome (753 a.C. - 509 a.C.)

Consuls and Dictators (509 aC - 29 aC)

Emperors (29 aC - 476 dC)

The following table provides information on the members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (29 BC - 68 AD), including their investiture, start and end of their reigns, and any relevant notes.

Military anarchy (68-69)

Flavian Dynasty (69-96)

Adoptive Emperors (96-192) [Antonini 138-192]

Military anarchy (192-193)

Severi (193-235)

Military Anarchy (235-284) [Illyrian emperors (268-284)]

This continues the list of Roman emperors from No. 27 onwards. In this period we have a total of 28 Emperors (from the 27° to the 54°).

Emperors (284-363)

Emperors (363-395)

Emperors of the West (Imperatori d'occidente) (395-476)

The division of the Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was divided into two parts: Eastern Roman Empire and Western Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire (IMP. D'ORIENTE):

• (284-305) Diocletian
• (305-306) Constantius Chlorus
• (306-311) Galerius
• (311-313) Maximianus Daia
• (313-324) Licinius
• (324-337) Constantine I
• (337-340) Constantine II
• (337-350) Constantius I
• (350-361) Constantius II
• (361-363) Julian
• (363-364) Jovian
• (364-375) Valentinian I
• (375-378) Gratian
• (379-395) Theodosius I
• (395-408) Arcadius
• (408-450) Theodosius II
• (450-457) Marcian

Western Roman Empire (IMP. D'OCCIDENTE):

• (286-305) Maximian
• (306-312) Maxentius
• (306-337) Constantine I
• (337-340) Constantine II
• (340-350) Constans
• (350-354) Magnentius
• (354-363) Constantius II
• (363-364) Julian
• (364-375) Valentinian I
• (375-378) Gratian
• (378-383) Grazianus/Valentinian II
• (383-388) Maximus/Valentinian II
• (395-421) Honorius
• (421-423) Honorius and Constantius
• (423-425) Theodosius II
• (425-455) Valentinian III
• (455) Petronius Maximus
• (457-461) Majorian
• (461-465) Libius Severus
• (467-472) Anthemius
• (472) Olybrius
• (474-491) Zeno
• (475-476) Romulus Augustulus

This period witnessed significant political changes, divisions between the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, and the eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.

Italy is conquered by the Eruli

Here are listed the rulers of the Eruli and Ostrogothic Kingdom from Odoacer's rule in 476 until the end of Teia's rule in 553.

Italy is then governed by the the Longobards, Germans (holy roman empire)

This table outlines the rulers of the Lombard Kingdom from Alboin's rule in 568 until the end of Desiderius's reign in 774.

Kings of Northern Italy (774-962)

The next table outlines the Frankish rulers from the reign of Charlemagne in 774 to the end of Charles the Fat's reign in 888.

Kings of Italy (888-962)

Since 962 there have been various foreign dominations in Italy (Byzantines, Franco-Germans)

• King of Southern Italy (1072-1861)
• Norman kings (1072-1196)
• Rainulfo Drengot, Duke of Aversa from 1027 - first Norman presence in Italy

The next table outlines the rulers in Southern Italy from the reign of Roberto il Guiscardo in 1043 to the period after Guglielmo I di Sicilia until 1196.

King of Sicily (Svevi) (1196-1268)

Starting from 1300

The struggle that had taken place between the municipalities in previous years for territorial, commercial and political supremacy brought military leaders to power, who in the 13^th and 14^th centuries ended up establishing their own lordships and principalities in their respective municipalities, taking advantage of the decline of the empire and the absence of the popes in the period 1309-1378 who moved to Avignon.

In 1378, Pope Gregory XI died after having just returned to Rome. At the conclave to choose the new pontiff, the papacy was shocked by the crisis of the Western Schism (conflict between French and Italian cardinals; each wanted their own pope. Thus began a series of popes and anti-popes).

In this period of decadence of the ecclesiastical institution, seriously divided and upset, heretical movements spread (Wycliff in England, Hus in Germany), true precursors of that movement of religious renewal whose history marked the entire 15^th and 16^th centuries, and led to an irreversible break in Roman Catholicism.

But if the "reform" and "counter-reformation" of the Church will have to wait until 1563 (the end of the Council of Trent, by which time Protestantism had spread and had in fact already created the schism), in Italy the civil as well as political reform, begun precisely in 1378, despite much anarchy and individualism, well in advance of the religious solution: it began to take its first steps, even if still very uncertain and problematic.

The extraordinary economic prosperity, the technical productive development, the many commercial exchanges with the whole world (we can already speak of a pre-capitalist economy) and the availability of free time to dedicate to culture, created in Italy the flourishing of studies and arts that led to a truly new civilization: THE RENAISSANCE. But at the same time as this cultural primacy, a political decadence was created in Italy (divided into Regional States - intolerant of each other) which was not centralized by a single sovereign authority. which soon brought it under the domination of foreign states that were much less civilized but more advanced in state structure and dimension (European National States).

The internal conflicts in Italy throughout this period were always generated by the ambitious expansionist aims of the various local political forces present (Maritime Republics (Venice) and others), Savoy, Visconti, Sforza, Scaligeri, Montefeltrini, Estensi, Gonzaga, Malatestiani, Medici etc.. But none of these forces had the possibility of establishing itself as the sole Italian power. They were always committed and often allies or enemies depending on the circumstances, to achieve a territorial supremacy "of small courtyards". To the point (including the Popes) of often asking foreigners for help. Thus, starting from 1494, by Charles VIII, king of France, in Italy in disarray, the "foreigners" (Spanish, French, German, English, Austrians) will begin to take several "WALKS" and set up "HOME" in the peninsula until 1861.

To free itself from the foreign invasions, to become a state and a united nation, Italy will have to wait, starting from this 1378, another 493 years. It will arrive last compared to all the other large states.

The Holy Roman Empire

Now there was little left of the Sacred, nothing of the Roman, and the empire was if anything Germanic.

The next table provides an overview of the Holy Roman Emperors from Ruperto Palatin in 1400 to the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 with Francesco II d'Asburgo

Kings of Naples (1268-1861)

• Angiò (French) : 1268-1442;
• Aragonesi (Spanish) 1442-1707;
• Asburgo (Austrian) 1707-1734;
• Borboni (Spanish) 1734-1861 (not in the frame 1806-1814)

Kingdom of Sicily from 1268 to 1302 when, separated from Naples, Sicily passed to the Aragonese.

The next table summarizing the rulers of the Kingdom of Naples and later the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from the House of Anjou to the House of Bourbon from 1268 to 1861:

We started from 27 BC when Rome was a capital; it will become one again on 2 July 1871.

The kings of Italy

• 1^st Vittorio Emanuele II - 17/03/1861 - 09/01/1878 (natural death)
• 2^nd Umberto I - 01/09/1878 - 07/29/1900 (murdered)
• 3^rd Vittorio Emanuele III - 07/29/1900 - 05/09/1946 abdicates
• 4^th Umberto II 05/06/1944 Lieutenant of the Kingdom 09/05/1946 - 11/06/1946 Italy became a Republic